Describe the origins of public health in the UK from the...

Describe the origins of public health in the UK from the 19th Century to the present day In this assignment I am going to describe the origins of public health in the UK from the 19th century to the present day. I am also going to compare historical and current features of public health. Public health is the measures taken by the government to prevent ill health and disease. The government monitor health so that they can develop different programmes and legislation to improve the health and well being of the people in the country. They do this by attempting to solve inequalities, so that all people not matter what are able to live a healthy life. There are eight policies to improve todays public health, these are; planning for health†¦show more content†¦They also provided clean drinking water and a medical officer for each town. This was the first Public Health Act. (http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/tyne-and-wear-case-study/about-the-group/public-administration/the-1848-public-health-act/, Parliament.co.uk, The 1848 Public Health Act (4) Crimean War (1850s) During this war, around 21,000 British soldiers died - however, only 2,755 were killed in action, and 2,000 because of battlefield injuries. Over 16,000 British soldiers died due to diseases such as typhus, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery. During this war a lot of hospital patients had to lie on the floor – as there weren’t enough beds. Also, soldiers who had infected limbs had to have them amputated with a saw – and a lot of the time these limbs were given to the military dogs as food. Two significant people to this war were Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole. Florence Nightingale became a nurse in 1853 - only a year before the Crimean war had begun. After a statement that there werent enough medical facilities for the war, the war minister of the time - Sidney Herbert - asked Florence to help improve the medical work in the military hospitals. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nightingale_florence.shtml BBC, History, Florence Nightingale) She wa s the first person to focus on cleanliness and hygiene in hospitals, and also invented the pie chart. After the war, she was able toShow MoreRelatedThe Key Aspects Of Public Health Strategies2879 Words   |  12 Pages1.1 Describe the key aspects of public health strategies. The public health promotes a good strategy for public health in four different aspects. They focus on being population based. They focus on the population with the aims of improving and preventing diseases and promoting good health and since then, have seen changes within the health of the public. People of the public have benefitted from the strategies used to improve the health of the public. For example the percentage for Teenage PregnancyRead MoreEssay about P1 Public Health Strategies in the Uk and Their Origins.7669 Words   |  31 PagesP1 Public Health Strategies in the UK and their origins. In this article I am going to describe the key features of public health strategies as they relate to current times in the UK. -Monitoring the health status of the population. This strategy involves keeping track of people’s health/keeping an eye on everyone though statics. By tracking changes in the health of the population health professionals are able to alert people to potential problems, for exampleRead MoreHealth and Social Care- Public Health P1, P22501 Words   |  11 PagesP2: Describe the Origins of Public Health Policy in the UK from the 19th Century to the Present Day. 1837- The law started registering births, marriages and deaths and began to notice differences in areas. This was because of diseases going round and many people were dying. They wanted to figure out where about the illnesses were most common. 1848- The Liberal government brought the Public Health Act into law. 1849- Unfortunately, a massive amount of 10,000 people died from the disease choleraRead Moreunit 12 public health p1 and p24606 Words   |  19 PagesP1 Meaning of Public Health: Public health is concerned with improving the health of population, rather than treating the diseases of individual patients. If a condition has been discovered -they want to make sure they live longer by promoting and preventing diseases and complications. Public health is everyone around you and the involvement of the community. If public health is really effective then it will also help the NHS save money. Monitoring the health status of the community: WhenRead MoreBritish Culture11529 Words   |  47 Pagesreader 07 2538 SCC UK: Government and Monarchy Chapter 1. Country and People The British Isles lie off the north-west coast of Europe. It consists of two great isles and several much smaller ones. - Great Britain is the largest Island. - Ireland is the other large one. There are two states: - The Republic of Ireland - The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The last state mentioned above is more familiar known as: - ‘the United Kingdom’ or ‘UK’ The adjective usedRead MoreDebate Topics6648 Words   |  27 PagesHypnotherapy is therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis.[citation needed] The word hypnosis (from the Greek hypnos, sleep) is an abbreviation of James Braid s (1841) term neuro-hypnotism, meaning sleep of the nervous system. A person who is hypnotized displays certain unusual characteristics and propensities, compared with a non-hypnotized subject, most notably hyper-suggestibility, which some authorities have considered a sine qua non of hypnosis. For example, Clark L. HullRead MoreCritical Analysis of the Role of Ombudsman: Special Reference to India3040 Words   |  13 Pagesof the Role of Ombudsman: Special Reference to India INTRODUCTION â€Å"It is not wisdom alone but public confidence in that wisdom which can support an administration† – Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 1824 This statement accentuates the eminence of public trust in a system as a test of its administrative efficiency. Any good administrative system has to be responsible and responsive to the public. Unfortunately with the power bestowed on the bureaucrats it happens more than often that advertentlyRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages.....................................................10 Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various Welfare Traditions .......................................................11 Social Work in historical perspective ......................................................................................................................11 2. Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various welfare Traditions ....................................................11 Three Social WelfareRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagesforefront of mans complexities. With these thoughts in mind, man has moved through history trying to satisfy his desires in rela tion to others. The advent of the twenty-first century gave birth to the idea of making the world a single village, thus, globalization. Globalization is the most talk-about issues in the 21st century. However, there is the difficulty of the world to come up with a single and uniform definition. This is because, so many people doubt if the happenings in the world today areRead MorePublic Health Paper12265 Words   |  50 PagesFrom past to present; the changing focus of public health by Maria Joyce Key sections include: Environment, infectious disease, locating public health, the enlightenment, the Sanitarians, national provision of services, the inception of the National Health Service, ‘crisis in health’, The New Right, The Third Way, new public health. Public health, the new ideology may be taken to mean the promotion of healthy lifestyles linked to behaviour and individual responsibility supported by government

Family Planning - 2917 Words

Introduction Family planning is the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling and management, and infertility management. Family planning is sometimes used in the wrong way also as a synonym for the use of birth control, though it often includes more. It is most usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children). Family planning may encompass sterilization, as well as abortion. The Centers for Disease Control†¦show more content†¦The Catholic Church teaches the necessity of responsible parenthood and correct family planning (one child at a time depending on ones circumstances), while at the same time teaching that large families are a sign of Gods blessings. It teaches that modern natural family planning, a method of fertility awareness, is in accord with Gods design, as couples give themselves to each other as they are. The RH bill intends to help couples to have government funded access to artificial contraception methods as well. Definition of Terms Presentation of Data A. Features of Family Planning Family planning includes all methods of birth control, from the pill to condoms, Intrauterine Devices (IUD), injectable hormonal contraceptives, and diaphragms, caps and spermicides. Depending on the area, family planning may also refer to methods used to terminate a pregnancy or possible pregnancy, such as abortion and emergency contraception. Family planning may also refer to surgical sterilization methods, including vasectomies and tubal ligation; and to non-surgical methods of sterilization such asShow MoreRelatedAmericas Family Planning Programs1534 Words   |  7 PagesGovernments notions of modern family differs from the local’s traditional ideals of family .In order to change the local culture from having traditionally larger families for social security, to smaller ones, governments implement a national family planning program. Family planning programs are most commonly applied to areas with high birth rates such as China, India and java in Indonesia, in attempt to l ower population, however, in the case of Greece’s family planning, it aims to reduce women’s abortionRead MoreImproving Access For Voluntary Family Planning1365 Words   |  6 Pagesmillion women in developing countries who want to avoid or delay pregnancy are not using family planning. These women have an unmet need that can result in unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, poor health, and strains on families and economies. Improving access to voluntary family planning could mitigate these challenges and lead to a host of other benefits. (Source 22, 23, 25). Given the potential of family planning for far reaching health, development, and economic gains, governments and their developmentRead MoreFamily Planning And Its Effects On Womens Status And Education1784 Words   |  8 PagesFamily planning is the ability for couples to anticipate and achieve their desired number of children and the spacing of their births. The fertility rate of a country can depend on many factors such as religion, the social status of women, access to health care and the ideal family size. Successful family programs aim to change all these things, the effects of these programs are far reaching and often go beyond what was planned. First world countries don’t often need a family planning program, dueRead MorePlanned Parenthood : Parenthood, Family Planning, And Reproductive Problems1020 Words   |  5 Pagesand offers advice on contraception, family planning, and reproductive problems. Currently, the government funds the organization with the tax payerâ⠂¬â„¢s dollars. (Planned Parenthood at a Glance, 2014.) I am going to explain the history of the problem, the arguments, the opinions of experts and give why I am interested in this topic. Planned Parenthood is a nonprofit organization that does scientific research into and offers advice on contraception, family planning, and reproductive problems. The organizationRead MoreWhy India Started Implementing Family Planning Practices1868 Words   |  8 Pagesto tell why India started implementing family planning practices. Overpopulation was starting to affect India when they gained independence from England (Rubenstein, 2014). The Planning Commission was set up in 1950 to address all needs of the country and to decide the best way to use resources. The decline in death rate and growth of birth rate left the country no choice but to find a way to slow down the growth. This led to another branch of the Planning Commission being created in 1952 with theRead MoreFamily Planning Research Paper2400 Words   |  10 PagesCamarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Naga Campus FAMILY PLANNING PRACTICES OF COUPLES In Barangay Sto. Tomas, Camaligan Camarines Sur In partial fulfillment of the requirement in SOC. SCI 10, Society of Culture with Family Planning, HIV/AIDS Submitted by: Mayores, Dennis B. Olarve, Raymund Salveo L. Pacamarra, Hazel E. BSEd 3 – Physics Submitted to: Dr. Geronima Camano-Valenciano Professor October 4, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Table of Contents CHAPTER I: Introduction CHAPTERRead MoreFamily Planning Methods And Methods Of The Rapid Population Growth Worldwide1911 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION How is family planning an important weapon to control the rapid population growth worldwide? Is population growth the only focus of family planning, or is it concerned with mothers being empowered to space the births of their children, fathers becoming more involved in health and family planning, infants and youth seeing their potential for a healthy life increase? This paper outlines the family planning techniques and methods in Nigeria. It throws light on how education is a majorRead MoreThe Importance Of Planning, And Intervening With Families Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This case study is on assessing, planning, and intervening with families. During these type of cases, one must be familiar with the general practice with individuals, families, groups, and communities. It is important to have good communication skills, critical thinking, tolerance, setting boundaries, emotional intelligence and organization skills. There are many skills needed when working on cases. Assessment The Sanchez family came unstable. Maria and Tony lived with their parentsRead MoreWhy Contraception And Not Only Natural Family Planning Should Be Allowed By The Catholic Church1974 Words   |  8 PagesThesis: I will discuss why contraception and not only Natural Family Planning should be allowed by the Catholic Church because it helps prevents sexually transmitted infections and diseases and prevents millions of unwanted children from being born and then abandoned every year. Different forms of contraception have existed for hundreds of years, dating back to the Roman Empire. It was not until the 1950’s that a progesterone pill, synthesized from wild yams was created which could block ovulationRead MoreA Study On African American Family Discussions With Their Adolescent Children Regarding Family Planning And Contraception Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed the results of a study completed on African American family discussions with their adolescent children regarding family planning and contraception. The authors found this study important due to the extremely high rates of pregnancy in black adolescents, and suggests one of the solutions to this issue would be the communication between the parents are the children (Akers, Borrero, Corbie-Smith, Schwarz, 2010). The families were chosen for this study by responding to advertisement (flyers

The Effect Of Organic Food On Today s World - 1305 Words

The Influence of Organic Food in Today’s World When one goes to a grocery store today and compares it to one 20 years ago, they will notice a significant difference. One can find organic food in almost every store that sells food. Organic food has become increasingly more popular over the past few years due to a variety of considerations. Quality, convenience and price are a few examples of those considerations. The increase in demand and popularity results in varying opinions as to implications and facts about organic food. Viewpoints for and against organic food are emphasized throughout the essay because of the affect organic food has on consumers, businesses and farmers (Hsieh). The increasing demand of organic food is largely in part of the view consumers have of what organic food is. Consumers that are pro organic food have several reasons for purchasing and consuming organic food. For example, â€Å"Consumers buy organic products because they believe they are of high quality, and it is the task of the organic movement to underline these expectations by certification and optimization of the foods’ production processes† (Kahl). Consumers feel that by purchasing organic food, it will help their community grow and that consumers are putting better quality food into their bodies. Because there is no use of pesticides, consumers feel assured that they are receiving and consuming the best possible produce for themselves. The absence of pesticides is also presumed by someShow MoreRelatedThe World Is Witnessing A Food Revolution1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe world is witnessing a food revolution. Man s way of producing food has evolved from hunting and gathering to conventional farming, to now using genetic engineering to produce GMOs, otherwise known as Genetically Modified Organisms. Genetically modified foods are a topic of controversy among many in the United States and around the world today. Debates arise regarding the use of GMOs a nd the safety of them, but what exactly is a GMO? GMOs are crops whose genes have been artificially manipulatedRead MoreFood Goods Vs Whole Food Artifacts1339 Words   |  6 PagesFrom trendy reusable grocery bags, to Michelle Obama s organic garden at the White House, food and other food industry has changed. Over the past years the education of organic and whole foods has increased. Most organic foods are announced as heather and preservative free, many companies are now offering â€Å"gluten-free† products. Some people my wonder to themselves, â€Å"Why are Americans willing to pay double the amount for organic products†. Will this just be another popular trend, or are there reallyRead MoreHow Organic Food Is Healthier For You1524 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic food consists of any crops or animal product produced without the use of pesticides, man-made fertilizers, additives, or growth regulators. ‘In 2002 the USDA created national organic standards, overri ding any state regulators and creating a labeling system.’ (Griswold 2015) The Labels include different levels such as â€Å"100 percent organic† which means the product must be made from only organic products, â€Å"organic† products that have at least 95 percent organic ingredients, and products, â€Å"containingRead MoreAgriculture : A Global Environmental And Humanitarian Issue1489 Words   |  6 PagesAgriculture uses the domestication and cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms to produce food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal and other products to help sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture has existed for over the last 10,000 years and is credited into propelling our civilization into the modern cultures and technologies we see today. Without the ability to store and domesticate plants and animals it is unlikely that we would have been able to evolve beyond our hunting andRead MoreThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1519 Words   |  7 PagesAaron Heiden Robert S. Pilsner WR 121 17 March 2013 The Causes of Obesity Many people speculate that obesity is genetic, but is it? Is childhood obesity caused by a lack of exercise, an unhealthy diet, or both? Obese people, or more commonly referred to as fat people or overweight people, are defined as adults who’s BMI (body mass index) is over 30 percent. There have always been overweight people in human society, but the rate of growth for this percentage of our population has been steadily risingRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And Its Impact On The Environment1622 Words   |  7 PagesHave you ever wondered whether or not the foods we eat are safe? Nowadays, more than 70% of our products on food shelves contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Through the groundbreaking discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by scientists James Watson and Francis Crick, in 1953, many scientists are now able to edit and reconstruct genes in foods as basic as rice, meat, and corn, to name a few. GMOs should be banned in the United States because of their environmental, socialRead MoreOrganic Food : An Art1512 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic Food â€Å"To eat is a necessity, but to eat intelligently is an art† (Francois De La Rochefoucauld). For the past few years’ organic food has become very popular among today’s society. The topic has been spread across headlines of magazines for example, men’s and women’s health magazine. Organic food has made for some very intriguing and diverse conversions on documentaries, talk shows, and health seminars. Organic food is plain and simple it is the process inRead MoreOrganic vs. Conventional Farming Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic farming is becoming an increasingly popular market throughout the world. (Adam, 2004, p. 666). The aims of organic farming are, to decrease pollution, maintain soil fertility and biodiversity, be more sustainable, and have increased nutritional benefits than conventionally grown foods (Yaping et. al., 2003, p. 298). While the aim of conventional farming is to provide safe, proficient supplies of food, in abundance an d at low prices (Trewavas, 2001, p.409). Since 1996, the amount of landRead MoreThe Use Of Pesticides And Their Rate Of Decay On Soil Rejuvenation944 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the largest, and unspoken issues being dealt with in the United States today is the use of pesticides and their rate of decay on soil rejuvenation. American culture currently accepts the adaptation of genetically modified foods without regard to its various effects. In fact according to the Organic Consumers Association,† It s estimated that 75 percent of processed foods contain GMOs and 80 percent of all food consumed in the U.S. is processed.†(5) Our country has developed a system in whichRead MoreIn 1953, Scientists James Watson And Francis Crick Revealed1590 Words   |  7 PagesThrough this groundbreaking revelation, many scientists are now able to edit and alter genes in foods such as tomatoes, milk, and corn. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) should be banned in the United States b ecause of their environmental, social, and economical consequences. GMOs should be banned because of their harsh impact on the environment. They are causing biodiversity loss, affecting organic agriculture, and inhibiting sustainable agriculture. In his book, Beyond Evolution: The Genetically

Diversity Efforts - 1854 Words

To increase diversity, employers are permitted to consider race or gender as a factor in selecting employees. Race differences in the workplace force diversification. I personally think that it is necessary. I would never think to hire or not hire someone, because of skin color or race differences. Hiring or not hiring someone, because they have a different skin color is just as wrong. However, because discrimination has occurred, history has created the need for laws to protect working class citizens. Breaking into classifications by race or gender is now common in the U.S. In making employment decisions, I do think that there are ethical factors that create exceptions to the rule. In particular, gender considerations playing an active†¦show more content†¦Petitioners, white and Hispanic firefighters who passed the exams, but denied a chance at promotions by the City’s refusal to certify the test results, sued the City and respondent officials, alleging that discardi ng the test results discriminated against them, based on their race in violation of, inter Alia, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The defendants responded that if test results be certified, they could have faced Title VII liability for adopting a practice having a disparate impact on minority firefighters. The District Court granted summary judgment for the defendants and the Second Circuit affirmed. ( Rici vs. DeStefano, 2009) . On November 24, 2009, all fourteen firefighters received their Title VII claimed promotions. The rulings of the Supreme Court also certified the results of the 2003 promotional exams as stated, 2. The New Haven Civil Service Board shall certify the results of the 2003 promotional examinations for the positions of Lieutenant and Captain in the New Haven FireDepartment and shall certify the promotional lists for each position derived from these examination results.( Rici vs. DeStefano 2009). This case has set a precedence for future cases in reverse discrimination. The text Industrial/Organizational Psychology breaks down the determinations of fairness in testing into three categories; adverse impact,Show MoreRelatedWorkplace Diversity : An Organization Wide Effort1809 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate America is seeing a shift in workforce demographics, with the terms â€Å"workplace diversity’ being thrown around in meetings across many large organizations. There are many definitions and interpretations of workplace diversity, but the this paper will define workplace diversity as â€Å"an environment that maximizes the potential of all employees by not discriminating against age, ethnicity, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic locationRead MoreThe Diversity Audit Project : Starbucks1406 Words   |  6 Pagesof the diversity audit project is to teach students how to analyze and measure diversity efforts of potential employers and as potential customers. In this globalizing world these skills are more important than ever. Many companies are making changes to diversify their employees and their customer base; this project is focused on investigating one company’s efforts. After this project students can expect to have gained a deeper knowledge of how to measure a company’s level of diversity and analyzeRead MoreDiversity Is Becoming More And More Important As Years Go855 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of diversity is becoming more and more important as years go by. This concept is not as easy as it may appear; diversity is not just about acceptance and respect. Understanding what diversity is means understanding that each person is unique; it means understanding and recognising our differences; moreover, moving beyond differences of gender, race, age, religious beliefs and political beliefs. Understanding and managing diversity is trying to make sure that all those differences fitRead MoreWhy I Should Be A Teacher805 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneration. Because of the efforts of so many, I have gone on to earn my Bachelors of Arts from Central Washington University, get my Masters while serving my country, and lead a good life. All because teachers believed in me when I doubted myself. In today’s workplace diversity means different things to different people. I have learned and lived diversity as an enriching force for any organization. On a surface level, some would equate diversity to simple racial diversity, but it is much more thanRead MoreThe Impact Of Workplace Diversity On The Workplace997 Words   |  4 Pages Workplace diversity is a term which describes the inclusion of people in the workplace regardless of their cultural differences such as gender, race and sexuality. Rather than disregarding them, diverse workplaces utilise these differences to widen the range of experiences and skills among their employees as stated by the Australian Breastfeeding Association (2012). Some professions, however, are more diverse than others. According to the Diversity Inclusion: Unlocking Global Potential - GlobalRead MoreMarketing Campaigns And The Workforce1032 Words   |  5 Pages Businesses today are faced with many challenges in order to be competitive in our global economy. These companies need to follow the laws and legislation while incorporating and managing diversity into their marketing campaigns and the workforce. In 1976, Apple was founded by two college dropouts. The founders Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs used their talents to build what is now a world renowned company with some of the most innovative technology devices. In 1980, the company went public andRead MoreEssay about Managing Diversity in the Workplace1449 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today (UCSF). Workplace diversity refers to having a variety of different types of people working together within a place of business. Employee gender, race, religion, sexual preference, physical appearance, family or marital status, education, culture, personality, or tenure establishes diversity in the workplace. Diversity is rapidlyRead MoreDiversity And Diversity For A Company873 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity is a key contributor in today’s workforce. Many factors effect diversity and there are guidelines a company can follow to ensure it is diverse. Diversity and inclusion can be tools to create a competitive advantage for a company and can help solve issues by looking at problems from different perspectives. It also contributes to the employees by allowing for work with many types of people. According to Phillips and Gully (2014) â€Å"Diversity awareness enables you to hire, retain and motivateRead MoreHow Workplace Is Necessary And Part Of Doing Business828 Words   |  4 Pages Workplace diversity is a popular topic in today’s workforce. Many companies today accept that diversifying the workplace is necessary and part of doing business in today’s global economy. Though more and more companies are embracing diversity for because they have to or believe that they should, Pitney Bowes has been doing so for decades. Though there were many forces for and against diversity in the early years, the diversification initiatives implemented and continued by Pitney Bowes has givenRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Baker Hughes1158 Words   |  5 Pagesclean energy. These examples and initiatives show how important corporate social responsibility it to Baker Hughes. Community Engagement (Employee volunteering and giving of money, goods, services) Baker Hughes is a company that puts a lot of effort into their community engagement. According to their website their goal is â€Å"Our goal is to building a strong community presence with a wide range of employee volunteer opportunities at these events.† They have a Community Impact team that was created

Body Image in Brazil and Usa Free Essays

Body Image in Brazil and USA Four thousand years ago the last of the mammoths were roaming the earth before extinction, anesthesia was still 3800 years away from being discovered, and tools were still being made out of stone. What else was happening that long ago? Humans were performing the first known cases of reconstructive and cosmetic surgeries, documenting back to skin grafts in ancient India. Between the first documented procedures and the early 1800’s not a lot progressed aside from the basic tools being used. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Image in Brazil and Usa or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1827, Dr. John Peter Mettaue performed the first cleft palate operation using tools of his own design kicking off the modern plastic surgery advancements. Using the advancements in reconstructive surgeries became increasingly popular during World War I as it was used to save many soldiers’ lives throughout the world. In the late 1940’s, following the second World War, the focus of plastic surgery began to shift from medical procedures to save lives in the military to a more public and socialized practice. A boom in the 1960’s spread rapidly after the introduction of silicone implants by Dr. Thomas Cronin. Sports Illustrated Magazine issued its first swim suit edition in 1964 featuring a five page spread of bikini clad perfect model bodies that the public was pressured to imitate. Despite the American involvement in Vietnam during the late 60’s the trend continued to increase into the 70’s when plastic surgery hit an all-time high due to the public discovery of its uses on all parts of the body. Over the decades, countries throughout the world including Brazil and The United States have adopted plastic surgery as an active part of their cultures despite monetary and health costs all because of media and social pressures. The United States and Brazil rank first and second in the world of most plastic surgery procedures, respectively. According to Dr. Daniela Dorneles de Andrade, a psychological research associate at the University of Vienna, the United States alone underwent 30. 1 million cosmetic surgeries in the year 2009, enough cosmetic surgeries for one in every ten Americans to have undergone some sort of altering procedure. The United States is the only country to top the next leading country, Brazil, which reported 13. 7 million procedures. Based on its population, that amounts to one in every fifteen Brazilians volunteering for of these surgeries in the same year (Dorneles 75). The American Society of Plastic Surgeons reports the average cost of plastic surgery procedures being at five thousand dollars in the United States incurring a total revenue topping one hundred and fifty billion dollars a year from voluntary surgeries alone. The figure dwarfs Brazil’s reported income from the same procedures however, topping just over fifty million dollars (ASPS). Professor Alexander Edmonds, of Macquarie University, reports that the lack of funds reported by Brazil is due to a philosophy that â€Å"the poor have a right to be beautiful† (Edmonds, â€Å"Poor† 363). The thought that everyone has a right to undergo plastic surgery, even if they cannot afford it, has been adopted by many Brazilian surgeons. Brazilian surgeons have started clinics that are being funded by federal and municipal budgets to provide procedures to everyone regardless of economic ability (Edmonds, â€Å"Poor† 365). Such acts are not only costing people in American and Brazilian cultures money but also costing them their health. Both psychological and physical health are being put into jeopardy by the procedures themselves and also by the desire to have them done (Edmonds, â€Å"Learning† 470). Health care related spending has nearly tripled in the past three centuries, seventy-eight percent of which linked to complications of cosmetic surgery. Whether it is leaking silicone implants or infections, the surgeries that people are seeking out to make themselves more perfect on the outside are in fact leading to more problems than with what they started with (Dorneles 77). Why are people of the world putting themselves through these extensive procedures? University of Amsterdam professor, Alexander Edmonds, says it amounts to nothing more than acceptance and expectance. The pressure to appear as perfect as possible on the outside is largely placed upon the women in both Brazilian and American culture. Such pressure is put upon women, young women most heavily, by media and social groups alike. Social groups are driven by what they see in magazine or on television ads. Media thrives on what social groups are deeming appropriate amongst themselves. The vicious cycle of perfection that American teens and young adults face every day is the same pressure that is seen in Brazil. More and more young people are turning to evasive procedures to correct themselves every day. In 2010 the second most popular gift given to high school graduates in America, trailing closely behind a new car, was that of breast augmentations (Kreimer). These gifts are giving by family members or people who care about the young person’s life and they feel that their child will thrive better in life if they help them achieve a better body. This thinking is passed on from generation to the next and is rapidly increasing. One teen who received such a gift was quoted saying, â€Å"My mother, grandmother, two aunts, and stepmother have implants, so if my mom is willing to pay for it, why not? † (qtd in Kriemer). The pressure to appear a certain way is becoming even more important to people of the world with no consideration for the health and financial implications. It is becoming accepted by cultures around the globe as a normal practice. If the past is any indication for the future this issue will become an uncontrollable epidemic. Something needs to be done about how media portrays people but are the thoughts of societies and morals of cultures being influenced by the media or is the media being conformed by the cultures and societies serves? Works Cited ASPS (American Society of Plastic Surgeons). The Plastic Surgery Foundation, 2012. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. Dorneles de Andrade, Daniela. â€Å"On Norms and Bodies: Findings from Field Research on Cosmetic Surgery in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Reproductive Health Matters 18. 35 (2010) : 74-83. Print. Edmonds, Alexander. â€Å"Learning to Love Yourself: Esthetics, Health, and Therapeutics in Brazilian Plastic Surgery. † Routledge Journals 74. 4 (2009) : 465-489. Print. Edmonds, Alexander. â€Å"’The Poor Have the Right To Be Beautiful’: Cosmetic Surgery in Neoliberal Brazil. † Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 13. 1 (2007) : 363-381. Print. Kreimer, Susan. â€Å"Teens Getting Breast Implants for Graduation. † Womensenews. Women’s eNews Inc. , 6 June. 2004. Web. 26 Oct 2012. How to cite Body Image in Brazil and Usa, Essay examples

The Organizational Behavior & Operations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyse the Various way to Organizational Behavior and Operations. Answer: Introduction An organization consists of many factors, such as, the human resource, functionality, capability, process dynamics, and many more. The organizational behaviour, culture, hierarchy and leadership of the management influence the performance of the organization. These can influence the performance of the organization in a positive as well as in a negative way. The following essay focuses on various aspects of an organization, from where problems can arise, and reflects upon the different dimensions through annotated bibliography. 5 scholarly articles are reviewed here to reflect upon different organizational problems through the viewpoints of the authors. The fundamental concept of this article is to analyze the ways of sharing of the governing knowledge in organizations. This also includes the different levels for analyzing, mechanisms of governance and directions of research. In the context of different ways for analyzing organization, the authors have explained that, organizational analysis represents the method of reviewing the organizational development, workplace environment, personnel and the operations of an organization. The analyses of an organization should be conducted on a regular basis as it helps in identifying the inefficiencies or shortfall of the business that have emerged in the system and find out ways to resolve them. The structure and design of the organizational system and how it affects the production capacity and functionality of the organization are the focus of the analyses of the organization. The authors in this book have also noted down different ways for analyzing organizations and those are, Strategic T riangle Model, SWOT analysis, McKinsey 7s Model, Rational Model, Natural System Model, Sociotechnical Model, Cognitive Model and Meta Model. These are different models that analyses the functionality of an organization. The book also addresses another important factor in organizational analyses, namely, Organizational Network Analysis (ONA). This represents the process of studying the formal organizational communication for developing a pattern of information flow and collaboration among vital groups. Organizational behaviour represents the study of the behaviour of individuals or groups within an organization. This includes their attitude, understanding, communications and actions. The authors in their paper have analyzed the individual and group behaviour within an organization. The organizational behaviour is an important factor in deterring the organization culture and it affects the performance of the organization. The authors cited from Leigh Thompson that organizational behaviour is the study of the patterns of thoughts, behaviour and feelings of the individuals and the groups within the organization, and how these are influenced by the actual, imagined and implied presence of other people. They have depicted that individuals are the foundation of any organization; hence, their characteristics form the organizational characteristics. Contradiction arises when the needs of the individuals differ from that of the organization. Groups are formed by individuals. They have their own structure, functionality, leaders and hierarchy. The group pressure influences the capabilities and performance of the individuals in the group. The organizational structure is formed to create a relationship between the individuals and the groups to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. The authors have taken 87 samples for meta analysis process and examined the relationships within the five factor model on organizational citizenship behaviour and personality traits. Organizational effectiveness refers to the concept of the efficiency of achieving the desired outcome of an organization. The key areas of organizational effectiveness are talent management, organizational structure and design, leadership development, measurement design, change implementation and transformation, applying smart technology for managing a firms human resources and achieving the goals of the organization. The authors have focused on the importance of individual and group behavior in achieving the efficiency of an organization in their journal publication. The behavior determines the organizational culture. If there is a positive vibe among the management and employees, a healthy relationship develops and the employees are motivated to perform well. In the situation of increasing competition, a healthy work environment is necessary for growth and the individual and group behavior influence this culture. The individual influence of the leaders of an organization on the eff iciency and effectiveness of business strategies is determined by the values. The behavior of people also affects the stability, credibility, and variability of the internal and external environmental factors of an organization. This was tested by the authors through a sampling of 40 top level managers or organizational founders. The authors also examined different types of organizational culture that may exist in an organization and its effects on organizational efficiency and effectiveness. An organization runs on various dynamic processes. There are power, politics, conflict, decision making and change that affect the operations of an organization. In this context, Thomas, Sargent and Hardy (2011) have published a paper on managing the organizational change and the dynamic processes that exist within an organization. The above mentioned dynamics are very important in an organization, as those influence the hierarchies and organizational culture. Every organization has a political pyramid, which is the foundation of hierarchy. In this pyramidal structure, the organizations provide scope for career development and also provide a platform for expressing individual motives and interests. The opportunities of career development, specifically at the high managerial positions, majorly depend on the accumulation of political power within the organization and the ability of transforming the individual interests into influential activities. With this structure, the competition f or power arrives in the organization. Since, scarcity exists in the economy, a person cannot gain power just by asking for it, rather he has to compete and sometimes participate in the organizational politics to be able to gain a position. Similarly, the conflicts in the organizations can happen between the teams or between the management and the employees, and this hampers the operations of a business. People, who get involved in the internal conflicts, cannot perform efficiently and that affects individual as well as organizational performance. The decision making policies are also important factor in an organizational process. The direction of the activities and production process is controlled by the decision making abilities of the organization. The authors have focused on identifying two different patterns in organizational negotiations, which are constituted by specific communicative practices adopted in the organization. They have also focused on how changes can be implement ed and how it can affect the business operations. The managerial roles and leadership play a very major role in organizational performance. Yafang Tsai has illustrated in his paper (2011) the relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction that, the management of an organization has the major power in motivating the employees and improving the performance of the individuals as well as of the organization. The author have focused on various aspects of organizational culture, leadership in an organizational and performance of the employees and also addressed how these aspects are connected. Organizational culture refers to a set of rules that directs the behavior of the employees through attitude, words, interpersonal relationships, and it also includes leadership, because, it helps in shaping the future of the organization. A good relation between these factors ensures increased productivity of the employees. Depending on the organizational structure, a suitable leadership style is followed. The author has also cited that, when an organization has good managers and good leaders, then the employees are influenced positively and motivated to perform well. The leaders through their charismatic capability influence the people to push themselves to perform better. At the same time, when an employee performs well, he gets recognition and thereby his job satisfaction increases. To prove his point, Tsai has conducted a cross sectional study and performed a quantitative analysis. It has been found from the study that the leadership has a very important influence on the job satisfaction of the employees in the organization. When the leaders take the effort to make a communication with the employees, they feel motivated to perform better and their job satisfaction increases. Overall Summary And Conclusions From the first source, it can be found that, there are various ways for analyzing the organizational behavior and operations, and several models have been made for that purpose. The key factor of the above mentioned book is that, the authors have focused on the research of knowledge process and role of the organization in the process of governing knowledge. However, the review provides little support for proposing the mechanisms of formal governance in the organizations. Among different ways of analyzing organizations, the authors focused on only one type for governance knowledge sharing mechanism. From the second source, it can be stated that, according to the authors, the individual behavior depends on the persons ability and motivation to perform. This behavior influences the group behavior, which in turn influences the organizational culture. For detailed analysis, the authors used meta analysis tests by taking 87 samples and investigated the relationships among the five factor model on personality traits and organizational citizenship behavior. According to the third source, the effectiveness of organization has been focused on by the authors. There are many key areas in the organizational operations, which help in achieving the efficiency. The authors have addressed the importance of individual and group behavior in achieving the efficiency of an organization in the journal publication. It has been found that, individual behavior directs the group behavior, which in turn determines and directs the organizational behavior. On the other hand, the group behavior influences the individual behavior, especially for the new employees. The authors have examined this by using a sampling of 40 managers, supervisors and organizational founders. This publication is helpful in evaluating the effect of peoples behavior on the effectiveness of an organization. They have found through data analysis that organizational behavior and culture are related to some of the dimensions of organizational effectiveness. The fourth source addressed that there are various dynamic processes that control the organizational behavior as well as the problems in the organization. Those processes include power, politics, conflict, decision making and change in the system. Through power, politics, conflict and decision making, there can be huge change in the organization. At the same time, when required, many changes need to be implemented in the organization strategies, to grow in the industry. This is also a dynamic process in the organizational structure. The authors have depicted the effects of changes on the organizational behavior. Thus, this paper is useful to gain an insight about various dynamic processes within an organization that influence the operations. Finally, the last source has addressed the very important relationship between the cultures of the organizational, leadership and job satisfaction of the employees. The authors have shown that these elements are inter-related. A good relation between these factors ensures increased productivity of the employees. Depending on the situation and organizational culture, the managements chooses a suitable leadership style, such as, transformational or charismatic. Through efficient leadership, employees can be motivated to perform well. The author has used scientific data analysis to support his notion. It has been found from the study that the leadership has a very important influence on the job satisfaction of the employees in the organization. Thus, it can be concluded that through annotated bibliography it is easier to explain a concept of the subject. Through the publication of various authors, a particular topic can be referred to explain. In this paper, various concepts of organizational aspects are explained by using annotated bibliography. Various scholarly articles were reviewed to throw a light on the authors perspective to understand the topic in a better way. It has been found that, there are multiple ways of analyzing organizations, individual and group behavior and its effects on organizational culture, various process dynamics and leadership and job satisfaction factors are all important aspects, which can influence the organizational performance. References Tsai, Y., 2011. Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction.BMC health services research,11(1), p.98. Akta?, E., iek, I. and K?yak, M., 2011. The effect of organizational culture on organizational efficiency: The moderating role of organizational environment and CEO values.Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences,24, pp.1560-1573. Chiaburu, D.S., Oh, I.S., Berry, C.M., Li, N. and Gardner, R.G., 2011. The five-factor model of personality traits and organizational citizenship behaviours: a meta-analysis. Foss, N.J., Husted, K. and Michailova, S., 2010. Governing knowledge sharing in organizations: Levels of analysis, governance mechanisms, and research directions.Journal of Management studies,47(3), pp.455-482. Thomas, R., Sargent, L.D. and Hardy, C., 2011. Managing organizational change: Negotiating meaning and power-resistance relations.Organization Science,22(1), pp.22-41. Tsai, Y., 2011. Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction.BMC health services research,11(1), p.98. Chiaburu, D.S., Oh, I.S., Berry, C.M., Li, N. and Gardner, R.G., 2011. The five-factor model of personality traits and organizational citizenship behaviours: a meta-analysis. Akta?, E., iek, I. and K?yak, M., 2011. The effect of organizational culture on organizational efficiency: The moderating role of organizational environment and CEO values.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,24, pp.1560-1573. Thomas, R., Sargent, L.D. and Hardy, C., 2011. Managing organizational change: Negotiating meaning and power-resistance relations.Organization Science,22(1), pp.22-41 Chiaburu, D.S., Oh, I.S., Berry, C.M., Li, N. and Gardner, R.G., 2011. The five-factor model of personality traits and organizational citizenship behaviours: a meta-analysis. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-12684-001 Akta?, E., iek, I. and K?yak, M., 2011. The effect of organizational culture on organizational efficiency: The moderating role of organizational environment and CEO values.Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences,24, pp.1560-1573. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281101620X Thomas, R., Sargent, L.D. and Hardy, C., 2011. Managing organizational change: Negotiating meaning and power-resistance relations.Organization Science,22(1), pp.22-41. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.1090.0520 Foss, N.J., Husted, K. and Michailova, S., 2010. Governing knowledge sharing in organizations: Levels of analysis, governance mechanisms, and research directions.Journal of Management studies,47(3), pp.455-482. Tsai, Y., 2011. Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction.BMC health services research,11(1), p.98. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123547/